Microbiology

Topic-wise discussion

Unit 1: General Bacteriology

Milestones in the development of microbiology, Classification and nomenclature of bacteria.  Structure, function   and   chemistry   of   bacterial   nuclear   apparatus. Cytoplasm, Intracellular granules, Cell   wal, Cytoplasmic   membrane,   Mesosomes, Cap sale, Flagella, Fimbriae, Endospore, Protoplasts, Spheroplasts , L-forms , involution forms . Bacterial stains, staining and microscopy.  Growth and nutritional requirements of bacteria. Bacterial enzymes. Respiration in bacteria. Carbohydras ate protein, fat and nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria. Reproduction and growth phase of bacteria. Effects of chemical and physical agents and antibiotics. Bacterial ariations including transduction, transformation and conjugation. Bacterial vaccines a ad toxins.The role of microbial toxins in the pathogenesis of diseases; Biochemical and biological characteristics of toxins produced by various bacteria.  Toxin producing Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Properties and clinical conditions produced by different bacterial toxins.

Unit 2: Systematic Bacteriology
Systematic study of bacteria belonging to genera Borrelia, Leptospira, Campylobacter, Pseudornonas, Brucella, Bordetella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salrmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Vibrio, Haemophilus , Staphylococus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rickettsia, Chalmydia,   Mycoplasma,   Acholeplasma,   Spiroplasma,    A iaeroplasma    and Thermoplasma, Rhodococcus, Mycobacteriiim and Neisseria.

Unit 3: General Virology
Historical development of virology.  Evolution, classification and nomenclature of viruses.   Biophysical and biochemical   characteristics of viruses.  Cultivation of viruses as d their growth pat term in cell culture, embroyonated eggs and experimental animals. Purification and concentration of viruses s. Qualitative and quantitative assay   of viruses. Viral replication, Virus-host cell relationships, Replication strategies of animal viruses and molecular pathogenesis for selected viral system.  La cut, persistent and chronic viral infections. Study of genetic variability of animal viruses through use of monoclonal antibodies, autoimmunity, immunosuppression and viral mutation in persistence infections. General principles of laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases. Epidemiology and pathology of viral infections. Immune mechanis v in viral diseases. Interference and interferon.  Viral  vaccines,  point  of  action  of  antiviral   molecules during the replication cycle of a  virus and  search  for new antiviral  compounds,  viruses and gene therapy. Chemotherapy of viral infections.

Unit 4: Systematic Virology
Systematic study of RNA and DNA viruses in livestock and poult ry with reference to antigenicity, cultivation, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis ‹ nd  immunity,  RNA vircises: Re troviruse s and lymp hotropic viruses, Visna and I daedi, ArbOViruses, Rotaviruses . Birnaviruses. Picornaviruses. Bunyaviruses . Comoa» iruses. Togaviruses , Paramyxoviruses , Ortliornyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses. Picornaviri ises. Btinyavirus es. Arenaviruses. Arterioviruses. Calciviruses . Filovirsuses , DNA iruses: Poxviruses . Hepadnaviruse s. Iridoviruse s , Adenoviruse s, PapovaviruS( S. ParavoviruSeS . Hepadanaviruses. Circoviruses. Unclassified viruses. Slow viruses Scrapie. 

Unit 5: Myoology

General   characterstics   of   fungi. Cl assification    and   study   of   pathogenic   fungi-                 Dpidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton, Cryptococr as, Aspergillus,Blastomyces,    Coccidioides,    Histoplasma,     Candida,     Rhinosporidc m,     Contaminating fungi, Rhizopus,  Mucor  and  Penicillium.  Fungi  causing  mast Otis ,  abortion  and mycotoxicosis .

Unit 6: Immunology
Historical Perspectives.  Host-parasite  relationships.  Antigens . ypes  of  antigens. Properties and specificity of antigens. Factor determining antigen icity. Haptens and carriers.  Heterophile  antigens.   Adjuvants . Mechanisms   of  action   classification  and their uses. Immunoglobulins — their classes and sub-clas ses , stru :ture and function. Allotype s. Idiotypes. Genes coding for  Igs.  Generation  of  div ersity.  Monoclonal antibodies.  Ptirification  of  antibodies.  Theories  of  antibody  for mation.  Lymphoid organs: primary, secondary and   circulation   of  lymphocyte s ,  ce 1s involved   in   theimmune  responsBe  — lymphocytes,   T  lymphocytes,   sub sets  and  riatore  of  receptors.Macrophages, Deridritic i-eticufar cells, Langerhan’s cells . Cellnla interaction s Cell- mediated immune responses. Mechanism of interaction of antigen and antibody. The corriplement system. Classical and alternate pa;thways. Set ological reactions: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, CFT, FAT, ELIS/ , DII, RIA,  etc, lrnmunological methods as an  aid  to diagnosis,  blotting  techniciiies  like Northern, Wcs terri blotting, Major, Histocompatibility complex: organization.Nature  of  antigens  and  MHC  restriction.  Hypersensitivity   imm ediate  and  delayed types,  and  mechanism  of  hypersensitivity.   Mechanism   of  imrnri city,   autoimmonity and immunological tolerance .

Unit 7: Molecular Cell Biology (Vaccine 8s Diagnostic Technology)
Role of biotechnology in ctiagnostics and vaccine s, RNA electropb erotyping. Probes – preparation of cDNA. Use of DNA probe in animal diseases diagnosis . Monoclonal antibodies. Application on monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis f animal diseases. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Nucleic acid hybridization Modern trends  in vaccines. Recombinant DNA vaccines and their probable use in animal diseases. Bioinformatic tools in microbial research, Biosafety, Biosecurity, GJ4P and GLP.