Complete Blood Count-Animals

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  • Blood = Blood cells(Hemocytes~40-45%) + Liquid components(55-60%)
  • Blood cells= Red Blood cells + White Blood cells + Platelets
  • White Blood cells= Granulocytes( Basophils, Eosinophils & Neutrophils)  + Agranulocytes(Monocytes & Lymphocytes)
  • Lymphocytes= B-Lymphocytes + T-Lymphocytes
RBC & Hb Indices: 

Haemoglobin: We are typically concerned with decreasing hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, which indicate anemia. Anemia is defined as a low hemoglobin level, which may result from either a reduced red blood cell (RBC) mass or an increased plasma volume (such as during pregnancy).

Unit- Hgb% ( Hemoglobin percentage%)

PCV: Packed Cell Volume

Amount or Volume of red cells in Blood; Proportion of blood that is made up of red cells.

Hematocrit: Percentage of RBC volume(Vol%)

Hematocrit= RBC count x RBC volume

The Rule of Nine

  • Estimated Hematocrit= (3 x Hb%)

1.Red cell count X 3 = Hemoglobin
2. Hemoglobin X 3 = Hematocrit
3. Red cell count X 9= Hematocrit

*Hematocrit is more accurate as PCV also includes the plasma trapped in between RBCs.

Hematocrit Low =Anemia

Hematocrit High= Polycythemia

RBCs: Number of RBCs(× 106/mcL)

Reticulocytes(%)

Absolute reticulocyte count

MCV = mean corpuscular volume= Average volume of RBC

If, Hb% low with-

  • MCV normal- Normocytic anemia
  • MCV high- Macrocytic anemia
  • MCV low- Microcytic anemia

MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin= Average Hb content each RBC

MCH low- Hypochromic

MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration= Average Hb concentration per RBC

MCHC low- Iron deficiency

MCHC high- Spherocytic or RBC agglutination

RDW: Red cell distribution= Measure of variation in RBC size=Degree of anisocytosis of RBC; RDW is the mathematically expression of variation in size of RBC (or anisocytosis) which is calculated by the cell counters.The normal
value for RDW is 12-15 %.

MPV = mean platelet volume

M:E = myeloid:erythroid ratio

Platelets
WBCs

Neutrophils

Causes of neutrophilia

  • Bacterial infection
  • Inflammation e.g collagen disease,
  • Trauma/surgery
  • Tissue necrosis/infarction
  • Hemorrhage and hemolysis Metabolic, e.g diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Primary causes:Myeloproliferative disorders.
  • Hereditary neutropenia
  • Pregnancy
  • Stress
  • Excercise .
  • Drugs e.g steroids, G-CSF

Causes of neutropenia

A.Decreased Production

  • 1. General bone marrow failure, e.g aplastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, acute leukemia, chemotherapy, replacement by tumor
  • 2. Specific failure of neutrophil production Congenital, e.g Kostman’s syndrome Cyclical Drug induced, e.g sulphonamides, chloropromazine, clorazil, diuretics, neomercazole, gold

B.Increased destruction

  • 1.General, e.g hypersplenism
  • 2. specific e.g autoimmune- alone or in association with connective tissue disorder, rheumatoid arthritis

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Causes of eosinophilia

  • Allergic diseases e.g asthma, hay fever, eczema,
  • pulmonary hypersensitivity reaction ― e.g Loeffler’s syndrome’
  • Parasitic disease Skin diseases, e.g psoriasis, drug rash
  • Drug sensitiviry
  • Connective tissue disease
  • Hematological malignancy e.g lymphomas,
  • Eosinophilic leukemia
  • Idiopathic hypereosinophilia
  • Myelproliferative disorders, chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis

Basophils

Plasma proteins

Plasma fibrinogen