A toxoid is a protein toxin, which has been denatured (by e.g. heat or chemical treatment) and has, therefore, lost its toxicity. A toxoid retains, however, its antigenic properties and can, therefore, be used in vaccines. Toxoids are toxins without toxic activity...
Bacterial Vaccines: Bacterial vaccines are composed of attenuated versions of the pathogen; that is, they are alive but reduced in virulence. Attenuation may be accomplished in a number of ways: selection of a naturally occurring attenuated strain, repeated passage...
Bacterins: Bacterins are the vaccines containing killed bacteria.They are usually produced by chemical killing of the infectious agent, with the aim to preserve bacterial structures expressing epitopes important in eliciting a protective immune response. This is...
BACTERIAL STRUCTURE Cell Envelope: Four(4) layers are Capsule/ Slime layer Outer membrane Cell wall Inner membrane When the layer consists of a network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cell, it is referred to as the glycocalyx, a term that can...
